Background and objective: The live attenuated oral poliovirus VACCINE (OPV), used for many years resulted in obviously reducing the poliomyelitis cases world wide. Most RNA viruses have highly mutable genomes and polioviruses are among the most rapidly evolving of all RNA viruses. Mutations naturally occur during their replication in recipients or their contacts and in rare circumstances it can be caused reversion to neorovirulance (VACCINE-associated paralytic poliomyelitis). For many years the role of some critical nucleotides in 5 non-coding region in VACCINE-associated paralytic poliomyelitis was known but these years investigators have focused on the importance of other nucleotides in capsid regions such as VP1. So, mutations in this region of polioviruses isolated from acute flaccid paralysis cases are analyzed. In Iran the WHO eradication program has been done since 1373 and all acute flaccid paralysis has been studied.Materials and methods: During the years 1380-1381 from all AFP cases, we found 5 patients with residual paralysis which 5 VACCINE-like polioviruses were isolated from them by using micronutralization test and intratypic differentiation tests (ELISA, probe-hybridization and RTPCR). Three isolates(no:1,3 and4) were VACCINE-like polioviruses type 1 and 2 other isolates (no:2 and 5) were VACCINE-like polioviruses type 2.The VP1 region of theses isolates was sequenced and analyzed.Results: Sequence analysis showed that 3 VACCINE-like polioviruses type 1(no:1,2,4) had 4,2 and1nucleotide substitutions in VP1 region in comparison with reference Sabin strain 1 and in VACCINE-like polioviruses type2(no:2,5) there were 1 and 2 nucleotide substitutions in this region in comparison with reference Sabin strain 2 respectively.Conclusion: Eradication of wild polioviruses is near and it is time to identify any mutations in all three Sabin strains and improve our knowledge about molecular pathogenesis of theses viruses.

We address the throughput maximization problem for downlink transmission in DF-relay-assisted cognitive RADIO networks (CRNs) based on simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) capability. In this envisioned network, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) relay and secondary user (SU) equipment are designed to handle both RADIO frequency (RF) signal energy harvesting and SWIPT functional tasks. Additionally, the cognitive base station (CBS) communicates with the SU only via the MIMO relay. Based on the considered network model, several combined constraints of the main problem complicate the solution. Therefore, in this paper, we apply heuristic guidelines within the convex optimization framework to handle this complexity. First, consider the problem of maximizing throughput on both sides of the relay separately. Second, each side progresses to solve the complex problem optimally by adopting strategies for solving sub-problems. Finally, these optimal solutions are synthesized by proposing a heuristic iterative power allocation algorithm that satisfies the combinatorial constraints with short convergence times. The performance of the optimal proposed algorithm (OPA) is evaluated against benchmark algorithms via numerical results on optimality, convergence time, constraints’ compliance, and imperfect channel state information (CSI) on the CBS-PU link.

RADIO as a media in Iran, has a longer background in comparison with Television; it contains protracted and long-time experiences and deep memories of Iran's history. Because over the years, RADIO has been along with the people's daily life as well as in those hard times, difficulties, war, conflicts, tension, peace and... at the contemporary history periods. And the duty of producing programs fell upon its old producers which they can see the farthest horizons’ in the field of media for their 75-year old experience of media experience heritage. This research is a qualitative study based on the ethnography, in order to study the meaning of RADIO from the view point of RADIO producers. The method of collecting data in this study, observation, participant observation and interviews. The research was conducted in the years 1394-1393. The population of this research, RADIO employees in all professions. During the study, five people were chosen from each job and sampling continued until Full saturation. The existing 16-year experience of researcher who has worked at different RADIO sections for different professions (such as producer, editor, writer, and production manager) has been used for data analyzing in this research. Data is analyzed by using the method of codification and categorization. Research question was: What is the meaning of RADIO for its employees? In this study it was found that there are three major groups in RADIO: The first group is that RADIO is their love. The second group would have liked RADIO, But RADIO is not their love & if there is a better position for them they leave RADIO. The third group, RADIO is just their job for subsistence living.

In C-RAN architecture, all computational processing is performed in the central baseband unit (BBU) pool, while RADIO operations are carried out in the remote RADIO heads (RRHs). The central BBU pool is connected to the RRHs by fronthaul links. Therefore, by separating the processing unit and the RADIO units, the clustering structure of RRHs can be designed to adapt to network changes. This paper deals with the problem of RADIO and computation resource allocation to maximize weighted sum rate. To reduce complexity, we use user-centric clustering and appropriate training resources allocation. Additionally, to lessen channel training overhead, an incomplete model of channel state information is considered, in which only intra-cluster channel state information is estimated. By replacing a sticky lower bound of user data rate in the main problem, the beamforming vectors under the constraints of computational and RADIO resources are designed in three steps. In the first step, the weighted sum rate maximization problem is solved under maximum RADIO transmitted power constraints by weighted minimum mean square error method. Then, in the second step, using a proposed greedy algorithm to allocate computational resources to users. In the third step, fronthaul capacity constraints are applied by another greedy algorithm.

Today, planning to turn outlooks and chosen mottos of RADIO channels into plans and then programs is of concern as a serious and obscure issue for media managers and planners. The reason is that traditional and experimental methodologies suffer such faults and shortcomings as being static or lacking integrity.Therefore, the present article aims to analyze principles and conditions for planning in RADIO channels, and suggest employing a reverse method in discourse analysis as a new method for solving the aforementioned problem. So, the article tries to give a better understanding of theoretical concepts and principles of the field by putting forward the principles of RADIO planning, e.g. paying attention to social system, RADIO attributes and channel mission, and explaining discourse theories as well as discourse analysis steps and reviewing them all. It finally explains a reverse model (from discourse to text) for planning RADIO content planning.

This article is to study the relevance of "Community RADIO" and "Social solidarity" in Iran. Having stated the problem, this paper introduces the community as an important concept in the current social evolutions. Then, it describes Community RADIO, its features, and functions. The theoretical framework depicts the role of Community RADIO in shaping Social Solidarity in Iran. It concludes that the Social Solidarity is weak and is faced with problems. It also concludes that Community RADIO could improve Social Solidarity. It states that Iran as a developing and plural country with some specific relations needs to reinforce its middle community as the intermediary groups so that promote generality rather particularity.